Opposing mountain top removal

Then you have the people who oppose mountain top removal. They have points when telling about the effects of mountain top removal. With mountian top removal the drepee would contaminate the drinking water, forceful blasting, increases flooding and unsafe  sludge and slurry impoundments. The areas where mountain top removal occur experience high attrition rates turning  communties into ghost towns. The created tensions in communities, turning neighbor against neighbor. Lets not forget the coal slurry which is a byproduct of washing and processing coal with water and chemicals. It is highly toxic and can leach into groundwater supplies. There is sixty different chemicals are used to wash coal, not to mention the heavy metals naturally present in the coal.

Then comes blasting that is required to removal the mountiantop . It is often a annoying part of events to residential dwelings all the time. It causes the air to  be cover in coal dust and some gets destoryed buildings like houses and bridges . Then comes the most rist of Sludge impoundments that is filled with coal sludge throw the empty valley and protect by one big bridge to keep it away from the residents homes, however if the bridge would have break the entire communties can be wiped out in a matter of minutes - buried underneath a wave of toxic sludge. Making the reasong of why so many people wanting to stop the coal mining industry to digging and blasting around their homes .

Hyper link: Http://appvoices.org/end-mountiantop-removal/community/

Favouring Mountaintop removal

Here are the favouring of mountain top removal would have to say. With their high pride and understanding the market value of collecting the coal many of them makes a point the mountain top removal is more efficient and safer than underground mining. This also brings them to have the knowledge of the free market economics that would be available. This adds a question of "What if someone can't afford the basic necessities ?" as a response to a person who favours would say that the goal of making available basic necessities in inextricably tied to the free market and taking advantage of our nature-given resources. As for the dramatic changes of the ecosystem, favourers would stick their noses up in the air and say that to adapt to changing environments all the time and when compared to the actual benefits of this form of mining, the impacts are worth taking . Moreover, in a free market setting, most , if not all, externalities created by these disturbances in the local ecosystem could be handled through litigation and the court system.

Favourers puts emphasis that a coal company would only invest in a mining venture if both the expected marginal benefits of doing so exceeded the expected the expected marginal costs  of any other potential mining operation. Do they actually know that ? Well of course because of the opportunity cost. Any wise entrepreneur weighs the expected profits for any investment against all other opportunities and will choose the most profitable . Ending with their decussion.

Hyper link: Http://www.thedaonline.com/

formations of coal

Coal haves different formations. The formations are peat, ligniten bituminous, anthracite, and coke.
Coal is forn=med from the remains of swamp plant from 300-400 million years ago which dead plants and animals become buried in the swamp. Since there was no oxygen the plants didn't rot which formed a peat.

Peat is a slowly decaying plant matter found in bogs moors and muskegs.  Acidic and anaerobic conditions prevent it completely decaying. In most rural aera people of the rural Europe use peat as a heat souce which very low value compared to coal.

 Lignite which sometimes called "brown coal" are found in Alaska and some Western stateshaves low carbon concentration and low heat value.

Bituminous is the most common form of coal. The carbon value is highly variable and heat value ranges from 10,000-15,000 BTU/lb.

 

 

Anthracite is the results from the netamorphosis of bituminous coal. It is the highest carbon content and heat value. Most anthracite comes from Northeastern Pennsylvania. It haves a low smoke and high heat values makes anthracite popular for home heating in the northeastern U.S.

 

Finally coke, coke it when bituminous coal is heated to 2000 in the absence of oxygen. Water tart gas and other volatiles are driven off to leave a high carbon fuel. The by-products of coking are collected for energy production. Cike is primarily used as a heat source in the steel industry.

 

Different types of mining

Thoughout our history i society develop from living to caves to developing transportation,  from gardening to coal mining. We start five methods of underground mining, so we can use for energy source for the time. Those methods are :
Drift mining & Shaft Mining

Drift mining: is where the coal seam intersects the surface. The mine enters the seam in a horizontal direction following the coal

Room & pillar mining and continous mining and longwall ming.



Room & pillar mining: is nearly half the coal is left behind to support the mine roof. The pillars can "squeeze" putting pressure on adjacent pillars leading to roof collapse.

Continuous Mining: Is a machines use that can be used with drift or room & pillar mines. One miner can operate it to a rotating steel drum with tungsten carbide teeth to mine 5 tons of coal per minute Shaft Minging: Is a common method accessing a coal seam in which elevators provide access to mines.

Continuous mining machines are paired with conveyor systems to transport the coal from the mine as it is mined

Longwall mining: (a.k.a retreat mining) is highly effecient. When coal is removed, the machine retreats allowing the roof to fall behind it. It extract much more of the coal than room & pillars mines

Excel conclusion graph